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Weight Loss - 5 ABSTRACTS
Cleve Clin J Med 2002 Nov;69(11):849, 853, 856-8 passim
Comment in: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Nov;69(11):864-5, 869.
Comment on: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 Sep;68(9):761, 765-6, 768-9, 773-4.
Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets revisited.
author
Volek JS, Westman EC.
Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1110, USA. jvolek@uconnvm.uconn.edu
abstract
Much scientific and anecdotal data demonstrate favorable metabolic responses to very- low-carbohydrate diets. We believe that very-low-carbohydrate diets merit further study for weight loss, and that criticisms of these diets lack scientific evidence.

Am J Med 2002 Jul;113(1):30-6
Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program.
Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE.
Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, 2200 West Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA. ewestman@duke.edu
To determine the effect of a 6-month very low carbohydrate diet program on body weight and other metabolic parameters.Fifty-one overweight or obese healthy volunteers who wanted to lose weight were placed on a very low carbohydrate diet (<25 g/d), with no limit on caloric intake. They also received nutritional supplementation and recommendations about exercise, and attended group meetings at a research clinic. The outcomes were body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat (estimated by skinfold thickness), serum chemistry and lipid values, 24-hour urine measurements, and subjective adverse effects. Forty-one (80%) of the 51 subjects attended visits through 6 months. In these subjects, the mean (+/- SD) body weight decreased 10.3% +/- 5.9% (P <0.001) from baseline to 6 months (body weight reduction of 9.0 +/- 5.3 kg and body mass index reduction of 3.2 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)). The mean percentage of body weight that was fat decreased 2.9% +/- 3.2% from baseline to 6 months (P <0.001). The mean serum bicarbonate level decreased 2 +/- 2.4 mmol/L (P <0.001) and blood urea nitrogen level increased 2 +/- 4 mg/dL (P <0.001). Serum total cholesterol level decreased 11 +/- 26 mg/ dL (P = 0.006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased 10 +/- 25 mg/dL (P = 0.01), triglyceride level decreased 56 +/- 45 mg/dL (P <0.001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10 +/- 8 mg/dL (P <0.001), and the cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 0.9 +/- 0.6 units (P <0.001). There were no serious adverse effects, but the possibility of adverse effects in the 10 subjects who did not adhere to the program cannot be eliminated. A very low carbohydrate diet program led to sustained weight loss during a 6-month period. Further controlled research is warranted.
index
PMID: 12430970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
ABSTRACT 2
title2
Am J Med 2002 Jul;113(1):30-6
Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program.
 
author2
Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE. Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, 2200 West Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA. ewestman@duke.edu
abstract2
To determine the effect of a 6-month very low carbohydrate diet program on body weight and other metabolic parameters.Fifty-one overweight or obese healthy volunteers who wanted to lose weight were placed on a very low carbohydrate diet (<25 g/d), with no limit on caloric intake. They also received nutritional supplementation and recommendations about exercise, and attended group meetings at a research clinic. The outcomes were body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat (estimated by skinfold thickness), serum chemistry and lipid values, 24-hour urine measurements, and subjective adverse effects. Forty-one (80%) of the 51 subjects attended visits through 6 months. In these subjects, the mean (+/- SD) body weight decreased 10.3% +/- 5.9% (P <0.001) from baseline to 6 months (body weight reduction of 9.0 +/- 5.3 kg and body mass index reduction of 3.2 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)). The mean percentage of body weight that was fat decreased 2.9% +/- 3.2% from baseline to 6 months (P <0.001). The mean serum bicarbonate level decreased 2 +/- 2.4 mmol/L (P <0.001) and blood urea nitrogen level increased 2 +/- 4 mg/dL (P <0.001). Serum total cholesterol level decreased 11 +/- 26 mg/ dL (P = 0.006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased 10 +/- 25 mg/dL (P = 0.01), triglyceride level decreased 56 +/- 45 mg/dL (P <0.001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10 +/- 8 mg/dL (P <0.001), and the cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 0.9 +/- 0.6 units (P <0.001). There were no serious adverse effects, but the possibility of adverse effects in the 10 subjects who did not adhere to the program cannot be eliminated. A very low carbohydrate diet program led to sustained weight loss during a 6-month period. Further controlled research is warranted.
index2
PMID: 12106620 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
ABSTRACT 3
title3
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002 Nov;80(11):1095-105
Effects of a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and body composition in free-living overweight women.
author3
Meckling KA, Gauthier M, Grubb R, Sanford J.
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON NIG 2W1, Canada. kmecklin@uoguelph.ca
abstract3
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and biochemical parameters in overweight women. Twenty women completed an 8-week trial that reduced their daily carbohydrate intake from 232 to 71 g (p < 0.05) and reduced energy by 2,644 kJ/day (8,384 to 5,740 kJ, p < 0.001). The average weight loss was 5.0 kg (p < 0.0001), with a net decrease in body mass index of 1.82 kg/ m2, a loss of 3.4% body fat (4 kg, p < 0.0001), and a loss of 1.0 kg lean mass (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, oral glucose tolerance, free or total insulin-like growth factor-1, or total IGFBP-3. Systolicblood pressure decreased by an average of 9.0 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) (p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7 mmHg (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol decreased 1.2 mM (p < 0.001), all of which was accounted for by a decrease in low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) with no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (baseline, 1.17 mM; week 8, 1.22 mM). Total triacylglycerol decreased 0.6 mM (p < 0.01), and the ratio of triacylglycerol/HDL also significantly decreased (baseline, 1.40; week 8, 0.87; p < 0.001). Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose significantly by week 2 and declined thereafter but remained significantly higher than baseline values for the duration of the intervention. Therefore, carbohydrate restriction to 70 g or less with concomitant energy restriction, without changes in protein or fat consumption, promotes weight loss, and improvements in body composition, blood pressure, and blood lipids without compromising glucose tolerance in moderately overweight women.
index3
PMID: 12489929 [PubMed - in process]
ABSTRACT 4
title4
Aviat Space Environ Med 2001 Mar;72(3):219-20
Type 2 diabetes in an aviator, protein diet vs. traditional diet: case report.
author4
Hilton AD, Hursh TA.
28th Aeromedical Dental Squadron, Ellsworth AFB, SD 57706, USA. alden.hilton@ellsworth.af.mil
abstract4
An experienced helicopter pilot with hypertension, hyper-triglyceridemia, elevated cholesterol, obesity, and diabetes is treated with a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. In 3 months, he loses 35 lbs, is normotensive without medication, cholesterol and triglycerides show significant reduction, fasting blood glucose and 2-h post glucose load are normal. At follow-up 1 yr later he has maintained hemoglobin A1C in the low 5 range. The protein diet is discussed and compared with the traditional dietary approach for type 2 diabetes.
index4
PMID: 11277288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
title4
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996 Dec;20(12):1067-72
Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet?
ABSTRACT 5
author5
Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N.
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Geneva.
abstract5
OBJECTIVE: With obesity being recognized as an important cardiovascular risk factor, it is important to determine the optimal hypocaloric diet for decreasing that risk. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of two hypocaloric diets of similar caloric value, but differing in carbohydrate content (25% and 45%). SUBJECTS: Sixty-eight out- patients were followed for 12 w. DESIGN: The patients were assigned to one of two groups that received either a low (25% CHO, n = 31) or a high (45% CHO, n = 37) carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (5.0 MJ/d, 1200 Kcal/d). RESULTS: After 12 w, the mean weight loss was similar and did not differ significantly between the two groups: 10.2 +/- 0.7 kg (25% CHO) and 8.6 +/- 0.8 kg (45% CHO). Furthermore, loss of adipose tissue was similar, 8.1 +/- 0.5 kg (25% CHO) and 7.1 +/- 0.7 kg (45% CHO). Despite a high protein intake (1.4 g/kg/ideal body weight) there was loss of lean body mass: 2.2 +/- 0.4 kg (25% CHO) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 kg (45% CHO). The waist/hip ratio diminished significantly (P < 0.001) and identically in both groups. The fasting blood glucose (even though normal, along with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, were significantly decreased after weight loss. The fasting blood insulin which was mildly elevated before weight loss decreased more markedly with the 25% CHO diet compared to the 45% CHO diet (P < 0.003). The glucose/insulin ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) after weight loss with both diets (0.17 +/- 0.04 mmol/mU (25% CHO) vs 0.10 +/- 0.03 mmol/mU (45% CHO). CONCLUSIONS: Neither diet offered a significant advantage when comparing weight loss or other, metabolic parameters over a 12 w period. However, considering the greater improvement of fasting blood insulin, the glucose/insulin ratio and blood triglyceride, the low carbohydrate diet (25%) could be more favourable in the long- term. The improvement of fasting blood insulin could be explained by the differences in monounsaturated fat composition in the low carbohydrate diet.
index5
PMID: 8968851 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 
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