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Weight
Loss - 5 ABSTRACTS
Cleve Clin J Med 2002 Nov;69(11):849, 853,
856-8 passim
Comment in: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Nov;69(11):864-5,
869.
Comment on: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 Sep;68(9):761, 765-6, 768-9, 773-4.
Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets revisited. |
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Volek
JS, Westman EC.
Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1110, USA.
jvolek@uconnvm.uconn.edu
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Much
scientific and anecdotal data demonstrate favorable metabolic responses
to very- low-carbohydrate diets. We believe that very-low-carbohydrate
diets merit further study for weight loss, and that criticisms
of these diets lack scientific evidence.
Am J Med 2002 Jul;113(1):30-6
Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program.
Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE.
Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, 2200 West Main Street,
Durham, NC 27705, USA. ewestman@duke.edu
To determine the effect of a 6-month very low carbohydrate diet program on body
weight and other metabolic parameters.Fifty-one overweight or obese healthy volunteers
who wanted to lose weight were placed on a very low carbohydrate diet (<25
g/d), with no limit on caloric intake. They also received nutritional supplementation
and recommendations about exercise, and attended group meetings at a research
clinic. The outcomes were body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat
(estimated by skinfold thickness), serum chemistry and lipid values, 24-hour
urine measurements, and subjective adverse effects. Forty-one (80%) of the 51
subjects attended visits through 6 months. In these subjects, the mean (+/- SD)
body weight decreased 10.3% +/- 5.9% (P <0.001) from baseline to 6 months
(body weight reduction of 9.0 +/- 5.3 kg and body mass index reduction of 3.2
+/- 1.9 kg/m(2)). The mean percentage of body weight that was fat decreased 2.9%
+/- 3.2% from baseline to 6 months (P <0.001). The mean serum bicarbonate
level decreased 2 +/- 2.4 mmol/L (P <0.001) and blood urea nitrogen level
increased 2 +/- 4 mg/dL (P <0.001). Serum total cholesterol level decreased
11 +/- 26 mg/ dL (P = 0.006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased
10 +/- 25 mg/dL (P = 0.01), triglyceride level decreased 56 +/- 45 mg/dL (P <0.001),
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10 +/- 8 mg/dL (P <0.001),
and the cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 0.9 +/- 0.6 units (P <0.001).
There were no serious adverse effects, but the possibility of adverse effects
in the 10 subjects who did not adhere to the program cannot be eliminated. A
very low carbohydrate diet program led to sustained weight loss during a 6-month
period. Further controlled research is warranted. |
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| PMID:
12430970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
|
Am
J Med 2002 Jul;113(1):30-6
Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program. |
| Westman
EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE. Division of General
Internal Medicine, Duke University, 2200 West Main Street, Durham,
NC 27705, USA. ewestman@duke.edu |
To determine the effect of a 6-month very low carbohydrate diet program on body
weight and other metabolic parameters.Fifty-one overweight or obese healthy volunteers
who wanted to lose weight were placed on a very low carbohydrate diet (<25
g/d), with no limit on caloric intake. They also received nutritional supplementation
and recommendations about exercise, and attended group meetings at a research
clinic. The outcomes were body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat
(estimated by skinfold thickness), serum chemistry and lipid values, 24-hour
urine measurements, and subjective adverse effects. Forty-one (80%) of the 51
subjects attended visits through 6 months. In these subjects, the mean (+/- SD)
body weight decreased 10.3% +/- 5.9% (P <0.001) from baseline to 6 months
(body weight reduction of 9.0 +/- 5.3 kg and body mass index reduction of 3.2
+/- 1.9 kg/m(2)). The mean percentage of body weight that was fat decreased 2.9%
+/- 3.2% from baseline to 6 months (P <0.001). The mean serum bicarbonate
level decreased 2 +/- 2.4 mmol/L (P <0.001) and blood urea nitrogen level
increased 2 +/- 4 mg/dL (P <0.001). Serum total cholesterol level decreased
11 +/- 26 mg/ dL (P = 0.006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased
10 +/- 25 mg/dL (P = 0.01), triglyceride level decreased 56 +/- 45 mg/dL (P <0.001),
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level increased 10 +/- 8 mg/dL (P <0.001),
and the cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 0.9 +/- 0.6 units (P <0.001).
There were no serious adverse effects, but the possibility of adverse effects
in the 10 subjects who did not adhere to the program cannot be eliminated. A
very low carbohydrate diet program led to sustained weight loss during a 6-month
period. Further controlled research is warranted.
|
| PMID:
12106620 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
Can
J Physiol Pharmacol 2002 Nov;80(11):1095-105
Effects of a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss,
blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and body composition
in free-living overweight women. |
Meckling
KA, Gauthier M, Grubb R, Sanford J.
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph,
ON NIG 2W1, Canada. kmecklin@uoguelph.ca |
The
purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a very
low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and biochemical parameters
in overweight women. Twenty women completed an 8-week trial that
reduced their daily carbohydrate intake from 232 to 71 g (p < 0.05)
and reduced energy by 2,644 kJ/day (8,384 to 5,740 kJ, p < 0.001).
The average weight loss was 5.0 kg (p < 0.0001), with a net
decrease in body mass index of 1.82 kg/ m2, a loss of 3.4% body
fat (4 kg, p < 0.0001), and a loss of 1.0 kg lean mass (p < 0.05).
There were no significant changes in fasting blood glucose, fasting
serum insulin, oral glucose tolerance, free or total insulin-like
growth factor-1, or total IGFBP-3. Systolicblood pressure decreased
by an average of 9.0 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) (p < 0.01) and
diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7 mmHg (p < 0.05). Total
cholesterol decreased 1.2 mM (p < 0.001), all of which was accounted
for by a decrease in low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001)
with no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (baseline,
1.17 mM; week 8, 1.22 mM). Total triacylglycerol decreased 0.6
mM (p < 0.01), and the ratio of triacylglycerol/HDL also significantly
decreased (baseline, 1.40; week 8, 0.87; p < 0.001). Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate
concentrations rose significantly by week 2 and declined thereafter
but remained significantly higher than baseline values for the
duration of the intervention. Therefore, carbohydrate restriction
to 70 g or less with concomitant energy restriction, without changes
in protein or fat consumption, promotes weight loss, and improvements
in body composition, blood pressure, and blood lipids without compromising
glucose tolerance in moderately overweight women.
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| PMID:
12489929 [PubMed - in process] |
Aviat
Space Environ Med 2001 Mar;72(3):219-20
Type 2 diabetes in an aviator, protein diet vs. traditional diet:
case report. |
Hilton
AD, Hursh TA.
28th Aeromedical Dental Squadron, Ellsworth AFB, SD 57706, USA. alden.hilton@ellsworth.af.mil |
| An
experienced helicopter pilot with hypertension, hyper-triglyceridemia,
elevated cholesterol, obesity, and diabetes is treated with a high-protein,
low-carbohydrate diet. In 3 months, he loses 35 lbs, is normotensive
without medication, cholesterol and triglycerides show significant
reduction, fasting blood glucose and 2-h post glucose load are
normal. At follow-up 1 yr later he has maintained hemoglobin A1C
in the low 5 range. The protein diet is discussed and compared
with the traditional dietary approach for type 2 diabetes. |
| PMID:
11277288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996 Dec;20(12):1067-72
Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet? |
Golay
A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N.
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Geneva. |
| OBJECTIVE:
With obesity being recognized as an important cardiovascular risk
factor, it is important to determine the optimal hypocaloric diet
for decreasing that risk. The goal of this study was to compare
the effects of two hypocaloric diets of similar caloric value,
but differing in carbohydrate content (25% and 45%). SUBJECTS:
Sixty-eight out- patients were followed for 12 w. DESIGN: The patients
were assigned to one of two groups that received either a low (25%
CHO, n = 31) or a high (45% CHO, n = 37) carbohydrate hypocaloric
diet (5.0 MJ/d, 1200 Kcal/d). RESULTS: After 12 w, the mean weight
loss was similar and did not differ significantly between the two
groups: 10.2 +/- 0.7 kg (25% CHO) and 8.6 +/- 0.8 kg (45% CHO).
Furthermore, loss of adipose tissue was similar, 8.1 +/- 0.5 kg
(25% CHO) and 7.1 +/- 0.7 kg (45% CHO). Despite a high protein
intake (1.4 g/kg/ideal body weight) there was loss of lean body
mass: 2.2 +/- 0.4 kg (25% CHO) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 kg (45% CHO). The
waist/hip ratio diminished significantly (P < 0.001) and identically
in both groups. The fasting blood glucose (even though normal,
along with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, were significantly
decreased after weight loss. The fasting blood insulin which was
mildly elevated before weight loss decreased more markedly with
the 25% CHO diet compared to the 45% CHO diet (P < 0.003). The
glucose/insulin ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) after
weight loss with both diets (0.17 +/- 0.04 mmol/mU (25% CHO) vs
0.10 +/- 0.03 mmol/mU (45% CHO). CONCLUSIONS: Neither diet offered
a significant advantage when comparing weight loss or other, metabolic
parameters over a 12 w period. However, considering the greater
improvement of fasting blood insulin, the glucose/insulin ratio
and blood triglyceride, the low carbohydrate diet (25%) could be
more favourable in the long- term. The improvement of fasting blood
insulin could be explained by the differences in monounsaturated
fat composition in the low carbohydrate diet. |
| PMID:
8968851 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
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